The University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (casually Oxford University or essentially Oxford) is a university research college situated in Oxford, England, United Kingdom. While having no known date of establishment, there is proof of educating as far back as 1096, making it the most seasoned college in the English-talking world and the world's second-most established surviving university. It became quickly from 1167 when Henry II banned English understudies from going to the University of Paris. After debate amongst understudies and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, a few scholastics fled upper east to Cambridge where they set up what turned into the University of Cambridge. The two "old colleges" are every now and again together alluded to as "Oxbridge". 

The college is comprised of an assortment of organizations, including 38 constituent schools and a full scope of scholarly offices which are sorted out into four divisions. All the schools are self-administering foundations as a major aspect of the college, each controlling its own particular enrollment and with its own particular inside structure and activities. Being a city college, it doesn't have a principle grounds; rather, every one of the structures and offices are scattered all through the downtown area. Most undergrad instructing at Oxford is sorted out around week after week instructional exercises at the self-overseeing schools and corridors, bolstered by classes, addresses and research facility work gave by college resources and divisions. 

Oxford is the home of a few striking grants, including the Clarendon Scholarship which was propelled in 2001 and the Rhodes Scholarship which has conveyed graduate understudies to learn at the college for more than a century. The college works the biggest college press in the world and the biggest scholastic library framework in Britain. Oxford has taught numerous remarkable graduated class, including 27 Nobel laureates, 26 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, and numerous heads of state from around the world.The University of Oxford has no known establishment date. Teaching at Oxford existed in some structure as ahead of schedule as 1096, however it is indistinct when a college came into being. It became rapidly in 1167 when English understudies came back from the University of Paris. The antiquarian Gerald of Wales addressed to such researchers in 1188 and the principal known remote researcher, Emo of Friesland, touched base in 1190. The leader of the college was named a chancellor from no less than 1201 and the experts were perceived as a universitas or enterprise in 1231. The college was conceded an illustrious contract in 1248 amid the rule of King Henry III. 

The understudies related together on the premise of geological causes, into two "countries", speaking to the North (Northern or Boreales, which incorporated the English individuals north of the River Trent and the Scots) and the South (Southern or Australes, which included English individuals south of the Trent, the Irish and the Welsh). In later hundreds of years, land roots kept on impacting numerous understudies' affiliations when participation of a school or lobby got to be standard in Oxford. Notwithstanding this, individuals from numerous religious requests, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the mid-thirteenth century, picked up impact and kept up houses or lobbies for students. At about the same time, private advocates built up schools to serve as independent academic groups. Among the most punctual such organizers were William of Durham, who in 1249 supplied University College, and John Balliol, father of a future King of Scots; Balliol College bears his name. Another originator, Walter de Merton, a Lord Chancellor of England and a while later Bishop of Rochester, conceived a progression of controls for school life; Merton College in this way turned into the model for such foundations at Oxford, and also at the University of Cambridge. From there on, an expanding number of understudies neglected living in lobbies and religious houses for living in colleges. 

In 1333–34, an endeavor by some disappointed Oxford researchers to establish another college at Stamford, Lincolnshire was hindered by the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge appealing to King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new colleges were permitted to be established in England, even in London; in this way, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unordinary in western European nations. 

As a university college, Oxford's structure can befuddle to those new to it. The college is an alliance, including more than forty self-administering schools and corridors, alongside a focal organization headed by the Vice-Chancellor. 

Scholarly divisions are found midway inside the structure of the league; they are not subsidiary with a specific school. Offices give offices to instructing and research, decide the syllabi and rules for the educating of understudies, perform inquire about, and convey addresses and classes. 

Universities mastermind the instructional exercise educating for their students, and the individuals from a scholarly division are spread around numerous schools. In spite of the fact that specific schools do have subject arrangements (e.g., Nuffield College as an inside for the sociologies), these are exemptions, and most universities will have an expansive blend of scholastics and understudies from an assorted scope of subjects. Offices, for example, libraries are given on all these levels: by the focal college (the Bodleian), by the divisions (individual departmental libraries, for example, the English Faculty Library), and by universities (each of which keeps up a multi-discipline library for the utilization of its individuals).

Columbia University

Columbia University (authoritatively Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private, Ivy League, research college in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was set up in 1754 as King's College by imperial contract of George II of Great Britain. Columbia is the most seasoned school in New York State and the fifth sanctioned establishment of higher learning in the nation, making it one of nine frontier universities established before the Declaration of Independence. After the progressive war, King's College quickly turned into a state substance, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. A 1787 sanction set the establishment under a private leading group of trustees before it was renamed Columbia University in 1896 when the grounds was moved from Madison Avenue to its present area in Morningside Heights involving place where there is 32 sections of land (13 ha). Columbia is one of the fourteen establishing individuals from the Association of American Universities, and was the principal school in the United States to give the M.D. degree. 

The college is sorted out into twenty schools, including Columbia College, the School of Engineering and Applied Science, and the School of General Studies. The college likewise has worldwide exploration stations in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción and Nairobi. It has affiliations with a few different organizations adjacent, including Teachers College, Barnard College, and Union Theological Seminary, with joint undergrad programs accessible through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Sciences Po Paris,and the Juilliard School. 

Columbia yearly controls the Pulitzer Prize.[13] Notable graduated class and previous understudies (counting those from King's College) incorporate five Founding Fathers of the United States; nine Justices of the United States Supreme Court; 20 living very rich people; 29 Academy Award champs; and 29 heads of state, including three United States Presidents. Also, around 100 Nobel laureates, 5 Fields Medalists have been associated with Columbia as understudies, personnel, or staff, second on the planet just to Harvard. 

In 1896, the trustees formally approved the utilization of yet another new name, Columbia University, and today the organization is authoritatively known as "Columbia University in the City of New York." in the meantime, college president Seth Low moved the grounds once more, from 49th Street to its present area, a more open grounds in the creating neighborhood of Morningside Heights. Under the authority of Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler, who served for more than four decades, Columbia quickly turned into the country's significant establishment for examination, setting the "multiversity" demonstrate that later colleges would embrace. 

Research into the molecule by employees John R. Dunning, I. I. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch set Columbia's Physics Department in the worldwide spotlight in the 1940s after the primary atomic heap was worked to begin what turned into the Manhattan Project. In 1947, to address the issues of GIs coming back from World War II, University Extension was rearranged as an undergrad school and assigned the Columbia University School of General Studies. 

Place of graduation 

Amid the 1960s Columbia experienced expansive scale understudy activism, which achieved a peak in the spring of 1968 when several understudies involved structures on grounds. The occurrence constrained the acquiescence of Columbia's President, Grayson Kirk and the foundation of the University Senate. 

In spite of the fact that few schools inside the college had conceded ladies for a considerable length of time, Columbia College initially conceded ladies in the fall of 1983, following 10 years of fizzled transactions with Barnard College, the all-female foundation partnered with the college, to blend the two schools. Barnard College still stays partnered with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued certificates approved by both Columbia University and Barnard College. 

Columbia was the principal North American site where the uranium iota was part. It was the origination of FM radio and the laser.The MPEG-2 calculation of transmitting top notch sound and video over constrained data transmission was created by Dimitris Anastassiou, a Columbia teacher of electrical designing. Scientist Martin Chalfie was the first to present the utilization of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in marking cells in place creatures. Different innovations and items identified with Columbia incorporate Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) innovation for making LCDs, System Management Arts (SMARTS), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (which is utilized for sound, video, talk, texting and whiteboarding), pharmacopeia, Macromodel (programming for computational science), another and better formula for glass solid, Blue LEDs, and Beamprop (utilized as a part of photonics). Columbia researchers have been credited with around 175 new creations in the wellbeing sciences every year. More than 30 pharmaceutical items taking into account disclosures and innovations made at Columbia are available today. These incorporate Remicade (for joint inflammation), Reopro (for blood cluster confusions), Xalatan (for glaucoma), Benefix, Latanoprost (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, homocysteine (testing for cardiovascular infection), and Zolinza (for disease treatment). Columbia Technology Ventures (some time ago Science and Technology Ventures), starting 2008, deals with somewhere in the range of 600 licenses and more than 250 dynamic permit assentions. Patent-related arrangements earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 monetary year, as indicated by the college, more than any college on the planet.

Princeton University

Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton was the fourth chartered institution of higher education in the Thirteen Colonies and thus one of the nine colonial colleges established before the American Revolution. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, where it was renamed Princeton University in 1896.
Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, the School of Engineering and Applied Science, the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary, and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University.[b] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States.

The university has graduated many notable alumni. It has been associated with 41 Nobel laureates, 21 National Medal of Science winners, 14 Fields Medalists, the most Abel Prize winners and Fields Medalists (at the time of award) of any university (five and eight, respectively), 10 Turing Award laureates, five National Humanities Medal recipients, 209 Rhodes Scholars, and 126 Marshall Scholars. Two U.S. Presidents, 12 U.S. Supreme Court Justices (three of whom currently serve on the court), and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton's alumni. Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S. Cabinet, including eight Secretaries of State, three Secretaries of Defense, and two of the past four Chairs of the Federal Reserve. It is consistently ranked as one of the best universities in the world.

New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey in 1746 in order to train ministers. The college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1754, trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governor's interest, Princeton should be named as Belcher College. Gov. Jonathan Belcher replied: "What a hell of a name that would be!" In 1756, the college moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal House of Orange-Nassau of William III of England.

Following the untimely deaths of Princeton's first five presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the college's focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college. Witherspoon's presidency constituted a long period of stability for the college, interrupted by the American Revolution and particularly the Battle of Princeton, during which British soldiers briefly occupied Nassau Hall; American forces, led by George Washington, fired cannon on the building to rout them from it.


John Witherspoon, President of the College (1768-94), signer of the Declaration of Independence
In 1812, the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green (1812–23), helped establish the Princeton Theological Seminary next door.[20] The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with "enthusiastic approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey". Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include services such as cross-registration and mutual library access.

Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the college's sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17, 1754.[page needed] During the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the country's capital for four months. Over the centuries and through two redesigns following major fires (1802 and 1855), Nassau Hall's role shifted from an all-purpose building, comprising office, dormitory, library, and classroom space; to classroom space exclusively; to its present role as the administrative center of the University. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until 1911, when that same class replaced them with tigers. Nassau Hall's bell rang after the hall's construction; however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855.

For more information please visit other sites as well.

Stanford University

Stanford University, formally Leland Stanford Junior University is a private exploration college in Stanford, California, and one of the world's most prestigious foundations.

Stanford was established in 1885 by Leland Stanford, previous Governor of and U.S. Congressperson from California and driving railroad big shot, and his significant other, Jane Lathrop Stanford, in memory of their exclusive tyke, Leland Stanford Jr., who had kicked the bucket of typhoid fever at age 15 the earlier year. Stanford conceded its first understudies on October 1, 1891 as a coeducational and non-denominational foundation. Educational cost was free until 1920. The college battled fiscally after Leland Stanford's 1893 passing and again after a great part of the grounds was harmed by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman bolstered workforce and graduates' entrepreneurialism to assemble independent neighborhood industry in what might later be known as Silicon Valley. By 1970, Stanford was home to a direct quickening agent, and was one of the first four ARPANET hubs (antecedent to the Internet).

The principle grounds is in northern Santa Clara Valley adjoining Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Stanford likewise has area and offices elsewhere. Its 8,180-section of land (3,310 ha)grounds is one of the biggest in the United States.The college is additionally one of the top gathering pledges establishments in the nation, turning into the primary school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year.

Stanford's scholastic quality is wide with 40 divisions in the three scholarly schools that have college understudies and another four expert schools. Understudies contend in 36 varsity sports, and the college is one of two private organizations in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. It has increased 108 NCAA group championships, the second-most for a college, 476 individual titles, the most in Division I, and has won the NACDA Directors' Cup, perceiving the college with the best general athletic group accomplishment, consistently since 1994–1995.

Stanford workforce and graduated class have established numerous organizations including Google, Hewlett-Packard, Nike, Sun Microsystems, Instagram, Snapchat, and Yahoo!, and organizations established by Stanford graduated class create more than $2.7 trillion in yearly income, proportionate to the tenth biggest economy in the world. It is the institute of matriculation of 30 living extremely rich people, 17 space explorers, and 20 Turing Award laureates.[note 3] It is additionally one of the main makers of individuals from the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been partnered with Stanford as understudies, graduated class, personnel or staff.The college formally opened on October 1, 1891 to 555 understudies. On the college's opening day, Founding President David Starr Jordan (1851–1931) said to Stanford's Pioneer Class: "[Stanford] is sacrosanct by no customs; it is hampered by none. Its finger posts all point forward." However, tremendously went before the opening and proceeded for quite a long while until the demise of the last Founder, Jane Stanford, in 1905 and the demolition of the 1906 quake.

Stanford was established by Leland Stanford, a railroad financier, U.S. representative, and previous California senator, together with his significant other, Jane Lathrop Stanford. It is named to pay tribute to their lone youngster, Leland Stanford Jr., who kicked the bucket in 1884 from typhoid fever just before his sixteenth birthday. His folks chose to devote a college to their exclusive child, and Leland Stanford told his significant other, "The offspring of California might be our children." The Stanfords went to Harvard's leader, Charles Eliot, and asked whether he ought to set up a college, specialized school or historical center. Eliot answered that he ought to establish a college and a blessing of $5 million would suffice (in 1884 dollars; about $132 million today.

In spite of the obligation to have a co-instructive organization in 1899 Jane Stanford, the staying Founder, added to the Founding Grant the legitimate prerequisite that "the quantity of ladies going to the University as understudies should at no time ever surpass five hundred". She dreaded the huge quantities of ladies entering would lead the school to end up "the Vassar of the West" and felt that would not be a proper commemoration for her child. In 1933 the prerequisite was reinterpreted by the trustees to indicate an undergrad male:female proportion of 3:1. The "Stanford proportion" of 3:1 stayed set up until the mid 1960s. By the late 1960s the "proportion" was around 2:1 for students, yet a great deal more skewed at the graduate level, with the exception of in the humanities. In 1973 the University trustees effectively requested of the courts to have the confinement formally evacuated. Starting 2014 the undergrad enlistment is part almost equitably between the genders (47.2% ladies, 52.8% men), however guys dwarf females (38.2% ladies, 61.8% men) at the graduate level. In the same request they additionally evacuated the denial of partisan love on grounds (past just non-denominational Christian love in Stanford Memorial Church was allowed).